@article{160401,
  keywords = {Greenhouse Gas Accounting, Water, India, NSF Integrative Graduate Education, Research, and Traineeship (IGERT)},
  author = {L. Miller and A. Ramaswami and P. Kumar},
  title = {Life Cycle Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis for a Water Resource Recovery Facility in India},
  abstract = {<p>This paper quantifies life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) in India versus water quality improvements achieved from infrastructure investments. A first such analysis is conducted using operating data for a WRRF, which employs upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors and oxidation. On-site operations energy use, process GHG emissions, and embodied energy in infrastructure were quantified. The analysis showed energy use and GHG emissions of 0.2 watt-hours (Wh) and 0.3 gram carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) equivalents per liter (gCO<sub>2</sub>e/L) wastewater treated, and 1.3 Wh and 2.1 gCO <sub>2</sub>e/gBOD removed, achieving 81\% biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and 99\% fecal coliform removal annually. Process emissions of WRRFs contributed 44\% of life cycle GHG emissions, similar in magnitude to those from electricity (46\%), whereas infrastructure contributed 10\%. Average WRRF-associated GHG emissions (0.9gCO<sub>2</sub>e/L) were lower than those expected if untreated wastewater was released to the river. Investments made by WRRFs in developing world cities improve water quality and may mitigate overall GHG emissions.</p>
},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Water Environment Research},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/42569347},
  language = {eng},
}